Praised forits clarity of presentation and accessibility, Introduction to Modern Virology has been a successful student text for over 30 years. It provides a broad introduction to virology, which includes the nature of viruses, the interaction of viruses with their hosts and the consequences of those interactions that lead to the diseases we see. This new edition contains a number of important changes and innovations including:
The consideration of immunology now covers two chapters, one on innate immunity and the other on adaptive immunity, reflecting the explosion in knowledge of viral interactions with these systems.
The coverage of vaccines and antivirals has been expanded and separated into two new chapters to reflect the importance of these approaches to prevention and treatment.
Virus infections in humans are considered in more detail with new chapters on viral hepatitis, influenza, vector–borne diseases, and exotic and emerging viral infections, complementing an updated chapter on HIV.
The final section includes three new chapters on the broader aspects of the influence of viruses on our lives, focussing on the economic impact of virus infections, the ways we can use viruses in clinical and other spheres, and the impact that viruses have on the planet and almost every aspect of our lives.
A good basic understanding of viruses is important for generalists and specialists alike. The aim of this book is to make such understanding as accessible as possible, allowing students across the biosciences spectrum to improve their knowledge of these fascinating entities.
Contents
Preface 00
About the Companion Website 00
PART I THE NATURE OF VIRUSES 00
Chapter 1 Towards a Definition of a Virus 00
1.1 Discovery of Viruses 00
1.2 Multiplication of Viruses 00
1.3 The Virus Multiplication Cycle 00
1.4 Viruses can be Defined in Chemical Terms 00
1.5 Multiplication of Bacterial and Animal Viruses is Fundamentally Similar 00
1.6 Viruses can be Manipulated Genetically 00
1.7 Properties of Viruses 00
1.8 Origin of Viruses 00
Key Points 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 2 The Stucture of Virus Particles 00
2.1 Virus Particles are Constructed from Subunits 00
2.2 The Structure of Filamentous Viruses and Nucleoproteins 00
2.3 The Structure of Isometric Virus Particles 00
2.4 Enveloped (Membrane–Bound) Virus Particles 00
2.5 Virus Particles with Head–Tail Morphology 00
2.6 Frequency of Occurrence of Different Virus Particle Morphologies 00
2.7 Principles of Disassembly: Virus Particles are Metastable 00
Key Points 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 3 Outline 00
3.1 Classification on the Basis of Disease 00
3.2 Classification on The Basis of Host Organism 00
3.3 Classification on The Basis of Virus Particle Morphology 00
3.4 Classification on The Basis of Viral Nucleic Acids 00
3.5 Classification on The Basis of Taxonomy 00
3.6 Satellites, Viroids and Prions 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 4 The Evolution of Viruses 00
4.1 Mechanisms of Virus Evolution 00
4.2 The Potential for Rapid Evolution: Mutation and Quasispecies 00
4.3 Rapid Evolution: Recombination 00
4.4 Rapid Evolution: Reassortment 00
4.5 Evolution to Find a Host, and Subsequent Co–Evolution with the Host 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 5 Techniques for Studying Viruses 00
5.1 Culturing Wild Virus Isolates 00
5.2 Enumeration of Viruses 00
5.3 Measuring Infectious Virus Titres 00
5.4 Measuring Physical Virus Titres 00
5.5 Detecting Virus in a Sample 00
5.6 Understanding Virus Replication Cycles 00
5.7 Viral Genetics and Reverse Genetics 00
5.8 Systems–Level Virology 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
PART II VIRUS GROWTH IN CELLS 00
Chapter 6 The Process of Infection: I. Virus Attachment and Entry into Cells 00
6.1 Infection of Animal Cells: The Nature and Importance of Receptors 00
6.2 Infection of Animal Cells: Enveloped Viruses 00
6.3 Infection of Animal Cells: Non–Enveloped Viruses 00
6.4 Infection of Plants Cells 00
6.5 Infection of Bacteria 00
6.6 Infection of Cells: Post–Entry Events 00
6.7 Virus Entry: Cell Culture and The Whole Organism 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 7 The Process of Infection: IIA. The Replication of Viral DNA 00
7.1 The Universal Mechanism of DNA Synthesis 00
7.2 Replication of Circular Double–Stranded DNA Genomes: Polyomavirus, Papillomavirus and Baculovirus Families 00
7.3 Replication of Linear Double–Stranded DNA Genomes That Can Form Circles: Herpesvirus family; bacteriophage 00
7.4 Replication of Linear Double–Stranded DNA Genomes that Do Not Circularize: Adenovirus and Poxvirus Families 00
7.5 Replication of Single–Stranded Circular DNA Genomes: Bacteriophages X174 and M13 00
7.6 Replication of Linear Single–Stranded DNA Genomes: Parvovirus Family 00
7.7 Dependency versus Autonomy among DNA Viruses 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 8 The process of Infection: IIB. Genome Replication in RNA Viruses 00
8.1 Nature and diversity of RNA Virus Genomes 00
8.2 Regulatory elements for RNA Virus Genome Synthesis 00
8.3 Synthesis of the RNA genome of Baltimore Class 3 Viruses 00
8.4 Synthesis of the RNA Genome of Baltimore Class 4 Viruses 00
8.5 Synthesis of the RNA Genome of Baltimore Class 5 Viruses 00
8.6 Synthesis of the RNA Genome of Viroids and Hepatitis Delta Virus 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 9 The Process of Infection: IIC. The Replication of RNA Viruses with A DNA Intermediate and Vice Versa 00
9.1 The Retrovirus Replication Cycle 00
9.2 Discovery of Reverse Transcription 00
9.3 Retroviral Reverse Transcriptase 00
9.4 Mechanism of Retroviral Reverse Transcription 00
9.5 Integration of retroviral DNA into Cell DNA 00
9.6 Production of Retrovirus Progeny Genomes 00
9.7 Spumaviruses: Retrovirus with Unusual Features 00
9.8 The Hepadnavirus Replication Cycle 00
9.9 Mechanism Of Hepadnavirus Reverse Transcription 00
9.10 Comparing Reverse Transcribing Viruses 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 10 The Process of Infection: IIIA. Gene Expression in DNA Viruses and Reverse–Transcribing Viruses 00
10.1 The DNA viruses and retroviruses: Baltimore Classes 1, 2, 6 and 7 00
10.2 Polyomaviruses 00
10.3 Papillomaviruses 00
10.4 Adenoviruses 00
10.5 Herpesviruses 00
10.6 Poxviruses 00
10.7 Parvoviruses 00
10.8 Retroviruses 00
10.9 Hepadnaviruses 00
10.10 DNA Bacteriophages 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 11 The Process of Infection: IIIB.Gene Expression and its Regulation in RNS Viruses 00
11.1 The RNA Viruses: Baltimore Classes 3, 4 and 5 00
11.2 Reoviruses 00
11.3 Picornaviruses 00
11.4 Alphaviruses 00
11.5 Coronaviruses 00
11.6 Negative sense RNA viruses with Segmented Genomes 00
11.7 Orthomyxoviruses 00
11.8 Arenaviruses 00
11.9 Negative Sense RNA Viruses with Non–Segmented, Single Stranded Genomes: Rhabdoviruses and Paramyxoviruses 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 12 The Process Of Infection: IV. The Assembly Of Viruses 00
12.1 Self–Assembly From Mature Virion Components 00
12.2 Assembly of Viruses with a Helical Structure 00
12.3 Assembly of Viruses with an Isometric Structure 00
12.4 Assembly of Complex Viruses 00
12.5 Sequence–Dependent and –Independent Packaging Of Virus DNA in Virus Particles 00
12.6 The Assembly of Enveloped Viruses 00
12.7 Segmented Virus Genomes: The Acquisition of Multiple Nucleic Acid Molecules 00
12.8 Maturation of Virus Particles 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
PART III VIRUS INTERACTIONS WITH THE WHOLE ORGANISM 00
Chapter 13 Innate and Intrinsic Immunity 00
13.1 Innate Immune Responses in Vertebrates Discovery of Interferon 00
13.2 Induction of Type 1 Interferon Responses 00
13.3 Virus Countermeasures to Innate Immunity 00
13.4 TRIM Proteins and Immunity 00
13.5 Intrinsic Resistance to Viruses in Vertebrates 00
13.6 Innate and Intrinsic Immunity and the Outcome Of Infection 00
13.7 RNAI Is an Important Antiviral Mechanism in Invertebrates and Plants 00
13.8 Detecting and Signalling Infection in Invertebrates and Plants 00
13.9 Virus Resistance Mechanisms in Bacteria and Archaea 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 14 The Adaptive Immune Response 00
14.1 General Features of the Adaptive Immune System 00
14.2 Cell–Mediated Immunity 00
14.3 Antibody–Mediated Humoral Immunity 00
14.4 Virus Evasion of Adaptive Immunity 00
14.5 Age and Adaptive Immunity 00
14.6 Interaction between the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 15 Interactions between Animal Viruses and Cells 00
15.1 Acutely Cytopathogenic Infections 00
15.2 Persistent Infections 00
15.3 Latent Infections 00
15.4 Transforming Infections 00
15.5 Abortive Infections 00
15.6 Null Infections 00
15.7 How Do Animal Viruses Kill Cells? 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 16 Animal Virus Host Interactions 00
16.1 Cause and Effect: Koch s Postulates 00
16.2 A Classification of Virus Host Interactions 00
16.3 Acute Infections 00
16.4 Subclinical Infections 00
16.5 Persistent and Chronic Infections 00
16.6 Latent Infections 00
16.7 Slowly Progressive Diseases 00
16.8 Virus–Induced Tumours 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 17 Mechanisms in Virus Latency 00
17.1 The Latent Interaction of Virus and Host 00
17.2 Gene Expression and the Lytic and Lysogenic Life of Bacteriophage 00
17.3 Herpes Simplex Virus Latency 00
17.4 Epstein–Barr Virus Latency 00
17.5 Latency in Other Herpesviruses 00
17.6 HIV–1 Latency 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 18 Transmission of Viruses 00
18.1 Virus Transmission Cycles 00
18.2 Barriers to Transmission 00
18.3 Routes of Horizontal Transmission in Animals 00
18.4 Vertical Transmission 00
18.5 Vector–Borne and Zoonotic Transmission 00
18.6 Epidemiology of Virus Infections 00
18.7 Sustaining Infection in Populations 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
PART IV VIRUSES AND HUMAN DISEASE 00
Chapter 19 Human Viral Disease: An Overview 00
19.1 A Survey of Human Viral Pathogens 00
19.2 Factors Affecting the Relative Incidence of Viral Disease 00
19.3 Factors Determining the Nature and Severity of Viral Disease 00
19.4 Common Signs and Symptoms of Viral Infection 00
19.5 Acute Viral Infection 1: Gastrointestinal Infections 00
19.6 Acute Viral Infection 2: Respiratory Infections 00
19.7 Acute Viral Infection 3: Systemic Spread 00
19.8 Acute Viral Disease: Conclusions 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 20 Influenza Virus Infection 00
20.1 The Origins of Human Influenza Viruses 00
20.2 Influenza Virus Replication 00
20.3 Influenza Virus Infection and Disease 00
20.4 Virus Determinants of Disease 00
20.5 Host Factors in Influenza Virus Disease 00
20.6 The Immune Response and Influenza Virus 00
20.7 Anti–influenza Treatment 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 21 HIV and AIDS 00
21.1 Origins and Spread of the HIV Pandemic 00
21.2 Molecular Biology of HIV 00
21.3 HIV Transmission and Tropism 00
21.4 Course of HIV Infection: Pathogenesis and Disease 00
21.5 Immunological Abnormalities during HIV Infection 00
21.6 Prevention and Control of HIV Infection 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 22 Viral Hepatitis 00
22.1 The Signs and Symptoms Of Hepatitis 00
22.2 Hepatitis A Virus Infections 00
22.3 Hepatitis E Virus Infections 00
22.4 Hepatitis B Virus Infections 00
22.5 Hepatitis D Virus Infections 00
22.6 Hepatitis C Virus Infections 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 23 Vector–Borne Infections 00
23.1 Arboviruses and their Hosts 00
23.2 Yellow Fever Virus 00
23.3 Dengue Virus 00
23.4 Chikungunya Virus 00
23.5 West Nile Virus in the USA 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 24 Exotic and Emerging Viral Infections 00
24.1 Ebola and Marburg Viruses: Emerging Filoviruses 00
24.2 Hendra and Nipah Viruses: Emerging Paramyxoviruses 00
24.3 SARS and MERS: Emerging Coronaviruses 00
24.4 Predicting the Future: Clues from Analysis of the Genomes of Previously Unknown Viruses 00
Key points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 25 Carcinogenesis and Tumour Viruses 00
25.1 Immortalization, Transformation and Tumourigenesis 00
25.2 Oncogenic Viruses 00
25.3 Polyomaviruses, Papillomaviruses and Adenoviruses: The Small DNA Tumour Viruses as Experimental Models 00
25.4 Papillomaviruses and Human Cancer 00
25.5 Polyomaviruses and Human Cancer 00
25.6 Herpesvirus Involvement in Human Cancers 00
25.7 Retroviruses as Experimental Model Tumour Viruses 00
25.8 Retroviruses and Naturally–Occurring Tumours 00
25.9 Hepatitis Viruses and Liver Cancer 00
25.10 Prospects for the Control of Virus–Associated Cancers 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 26 Vaccines and Immunotherapy: The Prevention of Virus Diseases 00
26.1 The Principles of Vaccination 00
26.2 Whole Virus Vaccines 00
26.3 Advantages, Disadvantages and Difficulties Associated With Whole Virus Vaccines 00
26.4 Subunit Vaccines 00
26.5 Advantages, Disadvantages and Difficulties Associated With Subunit Vaccines 00
26.6 Considerations for the Generation and Use of Vaccines 00
26.7 Adverse Reactions and Clinical Complications with Vaccines 00
26.8 Eradication of Virus Diseases by Vaccination 00
26.9 Immunotherapy for Virus Infections 00
26.10 Adverse Reactions and Clinical Complications with Immunotherapy 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 27 Antiviral Therapy 00
27.1 Scope and Limitations of Antiviral Therapy 00
27.2 Antiviral Therapy for Herpesvirus Infections 00
27.3 Antiviral Therapy for Influenza Virus Infections 00
27.4 Antiviral Therapy for HIV Infections 00
27.5 Antiviral Therapy for Hepatitis Virus Infections 00
27.6 Therapy for Other Virus Infections 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 28 Prion Diseases 00
28.1 The Spectrum of Prion Diseases 00
28.2 The Prion Hypothesis 00
28.3 The Aetiology of Prion Diseases 00
28.4 Prion Disease Pathogenesis 00
28.5 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) 00
28.6 BSE and the Emergence of Variant CJD 00
28.7 Concerns about Variant CJD in the Future 00
28.8 Further Questions 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
PART V VIROLOGY THE WIDER CONTEXT 00
Chapter 29 The Economic Impact of Viruses 00
29.1 The Economics of Virus Infections of Humans 00
29.2 The Economics of Virus Infections of Animals 00
29.3 The Economics of Virus Infections of Plants 00
29.4 The Netherlands Tulip Market Crash 00
Key Points 00
Questions 00
Further Reading 00
Chapter 30 Recombinant Viruses: Making Viruses Work for Us 00
30.1 Recombinant Viruses as Vaccines 00
30.2 Recombinant Viruses for Gene Therapy 00
30.3 Retroviral Vectors for Gene Therapy 00
30.4 Adenovirus Vectors for Gene Therapy 00
30.5 Parvovirus Vectors for Gene Therapy 00
30.6 Oncolytic Viruses for Cancer Therapy 00
30.7 Recombinant Viruses in the Laboratory 00
Key points 00
Questions 00
Further reading 00
Chapter 31 Viruses: Shaping the Planet 00
31.1 Virus Infections Can Give a Host an Evolutionary Advantage 00
31.2 Endogenous Retroviruses and Host Biology 00
31.3 Bacteriophage Can Be Pathogenicity Determinants for Their Hosts 00
31.4 Cyanophage Impacts on Carbon Fixation and Oceanic Ecosystems 00
31.5 Virology and Society: For Good or Ill 00
Key points 00
Questions 00
Further reading 00
Index 00
