Etiology-Based Dental and Craniofacial Diagnostics explores the role of embryology and fetal pathology in the assessment, diagnosis, and subsequent treatment planning of a wide range of disorders in the dentition and craniofacial region. Initial chapters cover various aspects of normal dental and craniofacial development, providing the necessary biological background for understanding abnormal patient cases. Chapters then focus on the etiology behind a wide range of cases observed in everyday practice—including deviations in tooth morphology and number, tooth eruption, root and crown resorption, and craniofacial malformations, disruptions and dysplasia.
Unique new work from a leading authority in orthodontics, craniofacial embryology and fetal pathology
Demonstrates how human prenatal development offers unique insights into postnatal diagnosis and treatment
Clinical significance and implications are highlighted in summaries at the end of each chapter
Ideal for postgraduate students in orthodontics, paediatric dentistry and oral medicine
Contents
Preface
Introduction
Limited access to human material
Content and structure of the book
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Craniofacial development and the body axis: normal and pathological aspects
from early prenatal to postnatal life
Body axis pre- and postnatally
Germ disc and notochord
Formation of the vertebral column
Cervical spine pre- and postnatally
The interrelationship between the body axis and the cranium
Craniofacial development pre- and postnatally
Cranial base (excluding the sella turcica)
Sella Turcica
Maxilla
Mandible
Theca cranii
Vomeral bone
Nasal bones
Temporal bone
Craniofacial morphology and growth
Highlights and clinical relevance
Chapter 2: Craniofacial development and the brain: normal and pathological aspects
from early prenatal to postnatal life
Central nervous system (CNS) in relation to neurocranial development pre- and postnatally
Spinal cord
Trigeminal ganglia
Vomeronasal organs
Pituitary gland and sella turcica
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) pre- and postnatally
Jaw innervation and bone formation
Highlights and clinical relevance
Chapter 3: Developmental fields in the cranium and alveolar process
Definition of developmental field
Developmental fields in the cranium
Frontonasal field
Maxillary field and palatine field
Mandibular field
Theca field
Occipital field
How can craniofacial fields be proven?
Developmental fields in the alveolar process
The upper jaw and the dentition
The lower jaw and the dentition
Highlights and clinical relevance
Chapter 4: Tooth development and tooth maturation
from early prenatal to postnatal life
Histological evaluation of early tooth development
Tissues involved in dental bud formation
Inner enamel epithelium and hard tissue formation
Outer enamel epithelium and crown follicle
Root membrane and root development
Sequences in prenatal tooth formation
Radiographic evaluation of normal dental maturation
Radiographic appearance of prenatal crowns before GA 22 weeks
Radiographic evaluation of postnatal dental maturity
Clinical evaluation of dental maturation
Tooth formation from the initial stages to the eruption stages: relation to fields, gender, age and skeletal maturity
Similarities and differences in primary and permanent dental development
Highlights
Chapter 5: Periodontal membrane and peri-root sheet
Periodontal membrane
Peri-root sheet
Definition
Composition and function
The peri-root sheet in the primary and permanent dentition
Highlights and clinical relevance
Chapter 6: Normal tooth eruption and alveolar bone formation
Tooth eruption mechanism and alveolar bone formation
Tooth eruption and jaw growth
Eruption sequences in the primary and permanent dentition
Highlights and clinical relevance
Chapter 7: Etiology-based diagnostics
methods and classification of abnormal development
Why used etiology-based diagnostics?
Definitions of key words
Etiology
Malformation
Disruption
Deformation
Dysplasia
Hypoplasia and hyperplasia
Hypotrophy and hypertrophy
Agenesis and aplasia
Polytopic field defect
Sequence
Syndrome
Analyzing the dentition, oral cavity and cranium: practical guide
Anamnestic record
General health and body development
Analysis of the face and head/cranium
Analysis of the oral cavity and teeth
Highlights
Clinical relevance
Chapter 8: Deviation in tooth morphology and color
Normal and pathological variations including syndromes
Primary dentition crown, root and pulp
Malformation of incisors, canines and molars
Disruption in the primary dentition
Dysplasia in the primary dentition
Permanent dentition crown, root and pulp
Malformation of incisors, canines, premolars and molars
Disruption in the permanent dentition
Dysplasia in the permanent dentition
Abnormal dental development: fields and bilateralism
How to analyze the etiology behind deviation in tooth morphology: is it malformation, disruption or dysplasia?
Highlights
Clinical relevance
Chapter 9: Deviations in tooth number
Normal and pathological variations including syndromes
Agenesis: possible etiologies
Agenesis of the primary and permanent dentition: hypodontia
Primary dentition agenesis
Permanent dentition agenesis
Syndromes, disruption, dysplasia and hypodontia
Supernumerary teeth: possible etiologies
Supernumerary teeth in the primary and permanent dentition: hyperdontia
Primary dentition supernumeraries
Permanent dentition supernumeraries
Syndromes, dysplasia and supernumerary teeth
How to analyze the etiology behind deviation in tooth number
Highlights
Clinical relevance
Chapter 10: Tooth eruption and alveolar bone formation
Abnormal pattern including syndromes
Pathological eruption of primary teeth
Abnormal times for eruption
Total failure to erupt
Arrested eruption of single teeth
Pathological eruption of permanent teeth
Abnormal times for eruption
Ectopic eruption of maxillary canines
Ectopic eruption of mandibular canines
Transposition
Ectopic eruption of molars, premolars and other teeth
Arrested eruption after trauma
Arrested eruption due to lack of space
Arrested eruption due to obstacles in the eruption pathway
Primary retention of molars, premolars and incisors
Secondary retention of molars, premolars and incisors
Primary failure of tooth eruption
Retention of teeth due to virus attack
Retention due to non-shedding of primary teeth
Abnormal eruption in syndromes and dysplasia
Segmental odonto-maxillary/mandibular dysplasia
Eruption and heredity
Eruption problems in both dentitions
Localized abnormal alveolar bone formation
Juvenile periodontitis: theory and heredity
Hypophosphatesia and Papillon Le Fevre
Why analyze the etiology behind abnormal eruption?
Highlights
Clinical relevance
Chapter 11: Root and crown resorption
Normal and abnormal pattern including syndromes
Tooth resorption theory
Resorption in the primary dentition
Shedding times
Resorption in the permanent dentition
When does resorption occur in normally developed individuals?
Dentitions especially exposed to root resorption
Root resorption and heredity: short roots or resorbed roots?
Root resoption in syndromes, dysplasia and disruptions
Prevention of root resorption in the permanent dentition
Other examples of resorption
Root resorption in primary and permanent dentitions
How to analyze the etiology behind abnormal root resorption in the permanent dentition
Highlights
Clinical relevance
Chapter 12: Seemingly normal nonsyndromic dentitions are phenotypically different
The interrelationship between deviations in the dentition and the craniofacial profile
Introduction
Heredity and the dentition
Dentitions with agenesis of single teeth
Dentitions with multiple tooth agenesis
Dentitions with macrodontic maxillary central incisors
Dentitions with supernumerary teeth
Dentitions with ectopic canines
Dentitions with transpositions
Dentitions with arrested eruption of primary molars
Dentitions suitable for tooth transplantation
Dentitions with arrested eruption of permanent teeth
Dentitions with persistence of a primary molar in adulthood
Dentitions with idiopathic resorption
Highlights
Clinical relevance
Chapter 13: Craniofacial syndromes and malformations
prenatal and postnatal observations
Holoprosencephaly/SMMCI syndrome (Single Median Maxillary Central Incisor Syndrome)
Cerebellar hypoplasia/ cri-du-chat syndrome
Myelomeningoceles/spina bifida and hydrocephalus
Down’s syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Turner’s syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Crouzon’s syndrome
DiGeorge’s/velo-cardio-facial syndrome
Cleft lip and palate
Cleft lip: pre- and postnatal findings
Isolated cleft palate: pre- and postnatal findings
Combined cleft lip and palate: pre- and postnatal findings
Cleft lip and palate etiologies
Comparison between pre- and postnatal findings: results and restrictions
Malformations: non-syndromic examples
Highlights
Clinical relevance
Chapter 14: Craniofacial disruptions
prenatal and postnatal observations
Prenatal disruptions
Amniotic band: sequence
Virus infection and maternal alcohol intake
Postnatal disruptions
Premature birth
Trauma
Virus and bacterial attack
Brain tumors and radiation/chemotherapy
Acromegaly
Highlights
Clinical relevance
Chapter 15: Craniofacial dysplasia
prenatal and postnatal observations
Endochondral and intramembranous bone dysplasia in the cranium
Chondrodystrophy
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Osteosclerosis
Hypophosphatemic rickets
Dysostosis cleidocranialis
Dysplasia in non-osseous tissue
Ectodermal dysplasia
Localized scleroderma en coup de sabre
Amelogenesis imperfecta
Dentinogenesis imperfecta and dentin dysplasia
Suture dysplasia
Highlights
Clinical relevance
Chapter 16: Hard tissue as a diagnostic tool in medicine
Summary of results
Perspectives for prenatal craniofacial pathology
Perspectives for perinatal and pediatric pathology
Perspectives for clinical and basic research
The prenatal cranium as a predictor for postnatal development
The dentition as a diagnostic tool in medicine
Association between dental and craniofacial development
Perspectives for anthropology
Conclusion
Chapter 17: Clinical cases and unanswered questions
Clinical cases
Conditions in diagnostics, treatment planning and outcome
Examples of diagnostics and treatment of eruption problems
Problems in permanent molar eruption: later diagnosed as primary retention
Problems in permanent molar eruption: later diagnosed as secondary retention
Problems in permanent molar eruption: later diagnosed as primary failure of eruption
Problems in premolar eruption
Eruption problems can be a sign of susceptibility to root resorption
Eruption problems caused by supernumerary teeth
Unanswered questions
“What is this?”
“Can medication influence tooth formation?”
Index
